![]() 16) SPPB parameters were available for 1,429 men and 1,581 women. ![]() According to literature, low physical performance was defined as an SPPB total score ≤9. 15) Each item of SPPB was scored based on a 0 to 4 point scale, with the total score ranging from 0 (worst) to 12 (best) points. We also used SPPB, which included three components-standing balance, walking speed, and chair rise test-to assess physical performance according to recommendations from previous studies. The five-time-sit-to-stand test measured the time required to stand five times from a sitting position from a straight-backed chair as quickly as possible without using the arms. The participants performed the test two times, and the results were averaged. 15) The participants were asked to perform TUG by walking at their usual pace. The usual gait speed over a distance of 4 m was measured using an automatic gait speed meter (Gaitspeedometer, Dyphi, Daejeon, Korea), with acceleration and deceleration phases of 1.5 m each. The participants were allowed to use walking aids (e.g., cane or walker) during TUG. 6) The participants were instructed to start the TUG maneuver immediately after hearing the “Start” command. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their proxy.įor TUG, time was measured as the time required for the participants to rise from a straight-backed chair at once, walk at a comfortable pace for 3 m, turn around and walk back to the chair, and sit down. 9) and complied with the ethical rules for human experimentation described in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Hospital (No. People with uncontrolled hypertension (>180/100 mmHg), cerebrovascular accident or myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, or active malignancy currently under treatment were excluded. 14) Briefly, the participants were recruited based on age- and sex-specific strata, and residents with no plans to move out during the following 2 years and with no difficulties in conversing were eligible to participate in this study. Detailed descriptions of the KFACS design and measures are published elsewhere. This study used baseline records of 3,010 ambulatory participants who were aged 70–84 years, had geriatric assessments and TUG data that were assessed from 2016 to 2017 in the Korean Frailty Aging Cohort Study (KFACS), a nationwide multicenter longitudinal study conducted in 10 urban, rural, and suburban communities across Korea. Therefore, we evaluated the associations between these measures and assessed the validity of TUG as a screening tool for frailty phenotype defined by the CHS criteria and low physical performance determined by SPPB in a nationwide community-dwelling Korean older population. However, the relationship between TUG time and physical frailty or physical performance has been less studied in the Korean population. Expectably, reports have shown the outcome relevance of TUG, including its association with the future incidence of functional decline, fracture, heart diseases, and Parkinsonism. 8, 9) Since the test includes fragments of movements included in SPPB, such as chair rise and walking, TUG can also be used as a quick measure of physical performance. 6, 7) Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of TUG in identifying the frailty phenotype in western populations. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG), which measures the time needed to get up from a chair, walk 3 m, and then return and sit back on a chair, is widely used as a simple screening tool to assess physical frailty in older adults. 4) Specifically, the frailty phenotype criteria of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) are commonly used in studies to identify people with frailty. 2, 3) Among these concepts and tools, the frailty phenotype to capture physical changes associated with human aging is a widely accepted way to delineate the frailty spectrum. 1, 2) To define and assess frailty, various concepts and tools have been developed and validated across populations. Frailty, a state of increased vulnerability to possible stressors with decreased physiological reserve, is a common geriatric problem and is associated with adverse health outcomes in older adults.
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